The Journal of Theoretical Fimpology. Volume 2, Issue 2: e-20120719-2-2-12. August 19, 2014 (www.fimpology.com)
Bacteria, Viruses, Membrane-Enclosed Microentities and Fungi as the Environmental Evolutionary Entities Coexisting in Non-Human Mammalian Milk
Shu-dong Yin
ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8661-6889
Cory H. E. R. & C. Inc., Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The revival of studying symbiotic bacteria in the human body in the 1990s and the application of culture-independent approaches in research on microorganisms of non-human animals have greatly enriched our understanding on the biological, ecological and evolutiological relationship between macro-organisms and microorganisms. In the theoretical 'UPOEE' model, a novel concept called 'Evolutionary Background Entities, EBE' was proposed for referring to those entities of the lower evolutionary levels that are the evolutionary 'background organisms' of the entities at the higher evolutionary levels.[1] In addition, in the recent paper,[2] the following notion has been proposed: (i) animals are not only inhabitants of natural habitats, but also are the 'niches' or 'habitats' of evolutionary micro-entities including bacteria, viruses and fungi; and (ii) the interaction between an evolutionary entity and its environment is actually the interaction between the entity and its environmental evolutionary entities at the same and/or different evolutionary levels. As a natural food, milk is one of the primary environmental factors, which newborns of mammals have to contact; and therefore, from the evolutionary perspective, it's necessary to answer the question: what are the environmental evolutionary entities in non-human mammalian milk? Here, the author reviews briefly prokaryotic bacterial cells, viruses, membrane-enclosed microentities, eukaryotic fungal cells as the environmental evolutionary entities coexisting in milk of non-human mammals.